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READ MORE: 6 Little-Known Pioneers of Aviation 1809-1810: Sir George Cayley introduces aerodynamicsĪt the dawn of the 19th century, English philosopher George Cayley published “ On Aerial Navigation,” a radical series of papers credited with introducing the world to the study of aerodynamics. Their balloon, powered by hydrogen gas, traveled 25 miles and stayed aloft more than two hours. But in an 18th-century version of the space race, rival balloon engineers Jacques Alexander Charles and Nicholas Louis Robert upped the ante just 10 days later. Powered by a hand-fed fire, the paper-and-silk aircraft rose 500 vertical feet and traveled some 5.5 miles over about half an hour. Two months after French brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier engineered a successful test flight with a duck, a sheep and a rooster as passengers, two humans ascended in a Montgolfier-designed balloon over Paris. November 21, 1783: First manned hot-air balloon flight His book Codex on the Flight of Birds contained thousands of notes and hundreds of sketches on the nature of flight and aerodynamic principles that would lay much of the early groundwork for-and greatly influence-the development of aviation and manmade aircraft. Few figures in history had more detailed ideas, theories and imaginings on aviation as the Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci.
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